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colonial pewter

Comprehensive Analysis

1) "Colonial" -- As to colonial pewter 1co·lo·nial Pronunciation: k&-'lO-nE-&l, -ny&l Function: adjective 1 : of, relating to, or characteristic of a colony 2 often capitalized : of or relating to the original 13 colonies forming the United States: as a : made or prevailing in America during the colonial period <colonial architecture> b : adapted from or reminiscent of an American colonial mode of design <colonial furniture> 3 : forming or existing in a colony <colonial organisms> 4 : possessing or composed of colonies <a colonial empire> - co·lo·nial·ize /-nE-&-"lIz, -ny&-"lIz/ transitive verb - co·lo·nial·ly adverb - co·lo·nial·ness noun Pronunciation Symbols See colony and colonisation for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism. Pith helmet of the Second French Empire. This map of the world in 1898 shows the large colonial empires that European nations established in the Americas, Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific Colonialism is the extension of a nation's sovereignty over territory beyond its borders by the establishment of either settler colonies or administrative dependencies in which indigenous populations are directly ruled or displaced. Colonizing nations generally dominate the resources, labor, and markets of the colonial territory, and may also impose socio-cultural, religious and linguistic structures on the conquered population (see also cultural imperialism). Though the word colonialism is often used interchangeably with imperialism, the latter is sometimes used more broadly as it covers control exercised informally (via influence) as well as formal military control or economic leverage. The term colonialism may also be used to refer to a set of beliefs used to legitimize or promote this system. Colonialism was often based on the ethnocentric belief that the morals and values of the colonizer were superior to those of the colonized; some observers link such beliefs to racism and pseudo-scientific theories dating to the 17th and 18th centuries. In the western world, this led to a form of proto-social Darwinism that placed white people at the top of the animal kingdom, "naturally" in charge of dominating non-European indigenous populations. 1 Types of colonies 2 History of colonialism 3 Neocolonialism 3.1 U.S. foreign intervention 3.2 French foreign intervention 4 Post-colonialism 5 Impact of colonialism and colonization 6 References 7 See also 2) "Pewter" -- As to colonial pewter pew·ter Pronunciation: 'pyü-t&r Function: noun Etymology: Middle English, from Anglo-French peutre, from Vulgar Latin *piltrum 1 : any of various alloys having tin as chief component; especially : a dull alloy with lead formerly used for domestic utensils 2 : utensils of pewter 3 : a bluish gray - pewter adjective Pronunciation Symbols Pewter plate Pewter is a metal alloy, traditionally between 85 and 99 percent tin, with the remainder consisting of 1-4 percent copper, acting as a hardener, with the addition of lead for the lower grades of pewter and a bluish tint. Traditionally, there were three grades of pewter: fine, for eatingware, with 96-99 percent tin, and 1-4 percent copper; trifle, also for eating and drinking utensils but duller in appearance, with 92 percent tin, 1-6 percent copper, and up to 4 percent lead; and lay or ley metal, not for eating or drinking utensils, which could contain up to 15 percent lead. Modern pewter mixes the tin with copper, antimony, and/or bismuth as opposed to lead. Physically, pewter is a bright, shiny metal that is very similar in appearance to silver. Like silver, pewter will also oxidize to a dull gray over time if left untreated. Pewter is a very malleable alloy, being soft enough to carve with hand tools, and it also takes good impressions from punches or presses. Because of this inherent softness and malleability, however, pewter cannot be used to make tools itself. Some types of pewter pieces, such as candlesticks, would be turned on a metal lathe. Pieces produced through this technique are sometimes referred to as "holloware." Pewter has a low melting point of around 225-240°C (437-464°F) depending on the exact mixture of metals. Duplication by casting will give excellent results. Fluid tin put into a mold to make a spoon Use of pewter was common from the Middle Ages up until the various developments in glass-making during the 18th and 19th centuries. Pewter was the chief tableware until the making of china. Mass production of glass products has seen glass universally replace pewter in day-to-day life. Pewter artifacts continue to be produced, mainly as decorative or specialty items. Pewter was also used around East Asia. Roman pewter items are very rare, although some are still in existence. Pewter gradually stopped being used and by 1850, it was just about gone. By the 20th century, however, the craft was brought back into existence. Unlidded mu..." 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